Inducible NO Synthase mRNA Expression and Infiltration of Rats Myocardium with Inflammatory Cells in 2-4 Hours after Modeled Permanent Ischemia or Ischemia/Reperfusion.

Expression of inducible NO-synthase mRNA and myocardial infiltration with neutrophils were studied in rats with modeled permanent ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion models. Expression of inducible NO synthase mRNA in the ischemic region increased significantly in 3, 3.5, and 4 h in modeled ischemia/reperfusion and in 3.5 and 4 h in permanent ischemia. Myocardial infiltration with neutrophils was significantly higher than in intact controls throughout the experiment without significant intergroup differences. In non-ischemic myocardium, enhanced expression of inducible NO synthase mRNA and moderate neutrophilic-lymphocytic myocardial infiltration were also observed in 3.5, and 4 h after ischemia.

Amplification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering by the oxidation of capping agents on gold nanoparticles.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is a powerful analytical method, and is especially useful for the detection of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organic substances in trace amounts. SERS substrates with high enhancement factors can be produced via the aggregation of gold nanoparticles, leading to the formation of 'hot spots' - regions of highest electric field intensity and Raman scattering enhancement. Thus, the availability of gold surfaces in 'hot spots' for the adsorption of analyte molecules strongly influences the enhancement factor of a substrate. We studied the kinetics of oxidation of dyes with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles and discovered the amplification of surface-enhanced Raman scattering, probably due to the oxidation of citrate ligands and the additional adsorption of dye molecules onto vacant spots on the gold surface. Maximum amplification was observed with 3% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide in the reaction medium. Under optimized conditions, model analytes can be detected at concentrations as low as 1 × 10-9 M, which is ten times lower than the detection limit without hydrogen peroxide addition.

[Phlebopathies: aetiology and therapeutic management].

Phlebopathy is an ambiguously interpreted term. In the Russian literature, it implies functional disorders of the venous system, albeit not seriously jeopardizing, however substantially decreasing quality of life. Phlebopathies may be induced by different causes, not infrequently common with the risk factors of chronic venous insufficiency. The present work deals with the classification, pathogenesis and epidemiology of phlebopathies, as well as the results of the original studies on management of hormone-induces phlebopathy. Hormone-induced phlebopathy - symptoms of phlebopathy or chronic venous insufficiency induced by long-term intake of combined oral contraceptives (COCs). To optimize treatment of the pathology concerned, we examined three groups of female patients (112 women) suffering from hormone-induced phlebopathy of the lower limbs. In Group One patients, COCs were discontinued with no administration of venotonic agents. Group Two patients along with withdrawal of COCs were given Antistax, as well as elastic compression. Group Three patients continued receiving COCs accompanied by simultaneous treatment with Antistax. During the study, we determined the malleolar volume, also assessing the degree of subjective symptoms, and quality of life. It was shown that withdrawal of COCs alone was not sufficient to stop symptoms of phlebopathy. Antistax efficiently stops the majority of these clinical manifestations, even on the background of intake of contraceptives. The maximal effect was observed in discontinuation of the COCs, intake of Antistax and prescription of elastic compression.

[Varicose eczema: the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Part II].

Varicose eczema is a frequently occurring complication due to chronic venous insufficiency. In view of the fact that the complicated forms of chronic venous insufficiency (classes 4-6 according to the clinical classification CEAP) are associated with the presence of dermatological lesions, the reliable diagnosis of the given pathology presents a matter of great concern. For the phlebologist end, not infrequently, for the dermatologist the diagnosis of varicose eczema may be difficult because of the diversity of its manifestations. Also, there is a number of diseases that look like varicose eczema but require a different approach to the treatment. The Russian literature practically lacks the works related to varicose eczema. The problems of the diagnosis and treatment including the organizational aspects have not been worked out. The surgeons hold that this disease is dermatological whereas the dermatologists view it as surgical. As a result, the majority of patients do not receive adequate treatment. The paper describes the phlebologist's standpoint of the problem of varicose eczema. Part II of the paper reviews the differential diagnosis of varicose eczema.

[Varicose eczema: the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis. Part I].

Varicose eczema is a prevalent complication of chronic venous insufficiency. In view of the fact that the complicated forms of chronic venous insufficiency (classes 4-6 according to the clinical classification CEAP) are marked by the presence of dermatological changes, the reliable diagnosis of the given pathology is fairly pressing. The diagnosis of varicose eczema may be difficult for the phlebologist and, not infrequently, for the dermatologist because of the diversity of its manifestations. Besides, there is a number of diseases which resemble varicose eczema but require a different approach to their treatment. The Russian literature practically lacks the papers related to varicose eczema. The problems of the diagnosis and treatment including organizational questions have not been worked out. The surgeons regard this disease as dermatologic whereas the dermatologists consider it as surgical. As a result, the majority of patients do not receive adequate treatment. This paper covers the phlebologist's viewpoint of the problem of varicose eczema.

[Radiation modulating properties of derivates of 1,4-dihydropyridine and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-decahydroacridine-1,8 dione]. / Radiomodifitsiruiushchie svoistva proizvodnykh 1,4-digidropiridina i 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-dekagidroakridin-1,8-diona.

First attempt to analyse radiation modifying action of 52 compounds--derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine is presented. Many of these compounds have electrodonating and antioxidative activities. Local radioprotective effects of the substances has been studied using experimental model with partial beta- and X-rays exposure of sole skin in rats to doses of 40 and 30 Gy. Comparison of drug effectiveness and chemical structure revealed the changes of activity dependence due to modification of peripheral radicals of 1,4-dihydropyridine ring. Radioprotective and radiosensitizing compounds with general low toxicity have been found. It is suggested to use the most active compounds for the development of medicinal forms for prevention of local skin and mucosal radiation injuries. Positive results have been obtained with dieton a radioprotective compound of the same type, in radiotherapy.

[Antineoplastic effect of glutapyrone in continual gamma-irradiation of rats]. / Izuchenie antikantserogennogo deistviia glutapirona pri khronicheskom gamma-obluchenii krys.

In experiments on rats (290 animals) exposed to chronic gamma-radiation with the total dose of 10.0 Gy it was detected that prescription of synthetic pharmaceutical of the dihydropyridine class--glutapyrone--together with drinking water during 6 months reduced the rate of malignant neoplasms from 26.5% in the control group to 13% in the treated animals. In radiation-exposed rats that received glutapyrone there was a narrowing of spectrum of the emerged neoplasms (connectively-tissual tumors only) as compared to the animals of the radiated control group, where blastomas of epithelium and lymphoid origin were also revealed. Low toxicity of glutapyrone and its anticarcinogenic action show the potential for this preparation to be used in practice.

[Pressure-regulated pulmonary ventilation with an inverse ratio of the duration of the inhalation and exhalation phases]. / Ventiliatsiia legkikh, reguliruemaia po davleniiu, pri obratnom sootnoshenii prodolzhitel'nosti faz vdokha i vydokha.

Clinical and physiological effects of pressure-regulated ventilation of the lungs using the inverse rate of inhalation to exhalation (PCV-IR) were studied in two groups of patients. No appreciable advantages of this mode of pulmonary ventilation in comparison with common ("volumic") method were observed in group 1 patients (following open-heart surgery) with moderately expressed respiratory disorders (PaO2/FIO2 = 340c13 and index of lung comprometation 0.7c0.04). At the same time, the level of the peak inhalation pressure in the airways at PCV-IR was reliably lower than during common artificial ventilation of the lungs (AVL). In patients with grave respiratory disturbances (PaO2/FIO2 = 93c10 and index of lung comprometation 6.88c0.56) application of this scheme brought about an improvement of pulmonary biomechanics and gas exchange, but the hemodynamics was virtually the same. It is noteworthy that the process of PCV-IR adaptation required a thorough preliminary "adjustment" of the ventilation parameters and took rather a long time in the majority of patients. Positive effects of PCV-IR may be due to several mechanisms: a slowing down (ramp-like) flow, limitation of the upper pressure during inhalation, prolongation of exhalation in comparison with inhalation, and a regulated level of internal positive end expiratory pressure. PCV-IR is recommended as a variant of respiratory support in the treatment of patients with severe involvement of the lungs, when the potentialities of common AVL are exhausted.

[Role of trace elements in the development of chronic ischemic heart disease]. / Rol' mikroélementov v razvitii khronicheskoi ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

It was shown that determination of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity proves to be the adequate test of antioxidant protection under chronic coronary heart disease as well as the reliable laboratory test for the control of the effect of prophylactic ultra-violet radiation.

[Metabolism in experimental chronic ischemic heart disease]. / Osobennosti metabolizma pri khronicheskoi ischemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v éksperimente.

An increase in frequency of heart contractions, changes in the bioelectrical heart activity and decrease of the force-pump heart function are observed in the rabbits with model chronic ischemic heart disease lipid metabolism in significantly changed the concentration of cholesterol in the right ventricle myocardium as well as the concentrations of unsaturated lipid acids in the heart tissues increase, while the content of saturated lipid acids and antioxidant activity of plasma decrease. Bioenergetic processes change as follows: succinate-dehydrogenase and alpha-keto-glutarate-dehydrogenase activity decrease, while the concentrations of glycogen, lactic and pyruvic acids and lactate dehydrogenase activity in the heart tissues increase.

[The relation between oxidative processes and the glycogen content in the heart and liver of rabbits with chronic ischemic heart disease]. / Sviaz' mezhdu okislitel'nymi protsessami i soderzhaniem glikogena v serdtse i pecheni krolikov pri khronicheskoi ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa.

While laboratory experimental model of coronary heart disease (according to Frol'kis et al.) is developed, activity of succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Na+, Ka(+)- and Mg2+ ATPase decreases, but activity of lactate dehydrogenase and concentrations of lactic and pyruvic acids in the heart tissue increase. At the same time concentration of glycogene increases more than twice. As far as we can see there is an evidence of a decrease of glycogene utilization due to change in levels of regulatory processes. Despite a decrease of ATP synthesis by the inhibition of tricarboxylic acid cycle the ATP:ADP relation reduces to ATP, as emphatic inhibition of ATPase in the heart tissues takes place in development of the model of the coronary heart disease. The relation between ATP and ADP is considered as a regulator of glycogene utilization. In the liver tissue activity of succinate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, Na+, K(+)- and Mg2+ ATPase falls, while concentrations of lactic acid grow. No accumulation of glycogen is observed. It is obvious that there are controversial metabolic processes. Experimental data are discussed.

[A new skin radioprotective agent Diethon (experimental study)]. / Ein neuer Haut-Radioprotektor Diethon (experimentelle Untersuchung).

Results are presented on investigations of diethone--a new pharmaceutical to prevent and treat radiogenic skin injuries. Diethone is a synthetic antioxidant of the dihydropyridine-line. In experiment on animals the preparation was used in form of an ointment. Irradiation was done with beta- and soft roentgen rays in doses of 20 to 60 Gy on conditions of a tele- or contact radiotherapy. A reduction of intensity and duration of radio reactions by more than 50% and a slighter occurrence of radio reactions were shown. The protecting effect of diethone is much stronger than that of mexamine, cystamine and other radioprotectors. Application of this preparation in treatment of radiogenic dermatitides results in relief of inflammation appearances, in shortening of recovery-time, and in accelerated skin regeneration. The intravital investigations of skin by means of contact-luminescence-microscope and investigations using light- and electron-microscopy did not give any alterations in structure of regenerated skin in diethone-treated animals compared with control. Also a better conservation of protected intracellular membranes especially of mitochondrial membranes were seen. Generally penetration of 14C-diethone into skin occurs within two hours after application of ointment. It can not be found hardly within inner media.

[Renoscintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of arterial hypertension]. / Renostsintigrafiia v differentsial'noi diagnostike arterial'noi gipertenzii.

Altogether 244 persons were examined. Of them 221 patients suffered from the syndrome of arterial hypertension, 23 were controls. Standard renoscintigraphy with 131I-hippuran was performed in all the patients. Routine indices: Tmax, T1/2 and T delta (RP retention mean time) were used as criteria for the assessment of renograms. The diagnostic accuracy of disorders of renal excretory function in patients with arterial hypertension by the results of assessment of renograms using routine indices was 65% only. The introduction of a new index T delta made it possible to raise the accuracy of examination by 35% as a result of the diagnosis of disorders of central hemodynamics.

[Quantitative assessment of acute radiation damage to the crystalline lens]. / Kolichestvennaia otsenka ostrogo radiatsionnogo porazheniia khrustalika.

This paper is an attempt to unify various approaches to the assessment of acute radiation injury of the organ of vision. The development of cataracts was studied on mice subjected to local irradiation of the head at doses: 7, 10, 12, 15, 20 and 25 Gy. A clinical picture of radiation injury of the eye at different x-ray doses at different stages was established during ophthalmological examination using a manual electro-ophthalmoscope (X5). A method of the quantitative assessment of radiation injury of the mouse eye at different radiation doses was proposed using the light transmission factor tau; its experimental value was obtained, values for different clinical stages of cataracts were established. The time course of the development of radiation cataracts in mice subjected to x-ray irradiation in a wide spectrum of doses, was observed; clinical features of the process were revealed. Dose fractionation under the above conditions did not make a protective effect on the lens. Dependence of a degree of lens injury on irradiation dose obtained owing to the use of the light transmission factor tau, was described with the following equation: (formula; see text)